PART
7 –
Ch.XLI.10.III
The
great Pelasgian empire
(The
Pelasgian language)
XLI.
10. III. Elements of barbarian Latin language (cont.)
.N.
- naylon,
nablum, ancient musical instrument, whose form is still not well known. The
word still exists today in the Romanian language under the form naiu (TN – Panpipe), musical instrument
identical with the pastoral flute attributed to Pan, composed from a number of
reed pipes of unequal length, tied together.
- nennos and nannas,
uncle; nenna, aunt. Rom. nene,
the allocution of a youth towards an older man; nana, aunt or elder sister.
- Nep and Nap,
abbreviations in ancient Roman calendars. In the Fastae Prenestinae, the days
of 13th and 15th of January are marked with the letter NP, which is interpreted by the word
“nefasti”. According to Festus: the
days marked in calendars with the sign Nep
were the days of joy, in which somebody had escaped some predicted calamity.
The same was called Nap in Fastae
Julianae. In Rom. nepasta (napasta),
calamitas, affliction. In the Moravian language, napast, praesagium, terror.
- Nerae (Aquae), locality in Gallia Aquitanica, with the
meaning of Ape negre (TN – black
waters). For the Retoromani, neer =
negru. In Romanian epic songs, the river Cerna is called Nera and
apa negra.
- Nigris, a river which has its source in
- Nisibis
(Nisibis, var. Nesibis and Nasibis), city in the eastern part of
- noi, the dual
nominative and accusative of ego, with the meaning of noi, amandoi (TN – we, both).
- nymphe, Lat. nympha (Homer). In the lands near Atlas
mountain (of the Hyperboreans), according to Diodorus (III. 60), the married women, gunaichai, were called nymphai.
The word is of barbarian origin, and corresponds to nupta, married woman. With Suidas, nymphe = nova nupta.
.O.
- ‘Ocheanos
potamos and roos ‘Ocheanoio (Oceanus flumen,
fluentum Oceani), the great and divine river from the north of the Thracian
peninsula, where had been born the divinized kings of pre-historical antiquity.
‘Ocheanos
potamos, another river in
- ‘Ochasios, one of the chiefs
of the Etolians from near
- ocheteyei, word cited by
Suidas, with the meaning of aquas derivate; ochetos, canalis, aquaeductus,
rivus. The root is oche (aqua).
- ‘Ocholon
(Ocolum), castle in the Eubea island. Rom. ocol
(TN – enclosure, cattle pen), Lat. septum aulae, caula, bovile. Etymology from accolere, to dwell close by.
- OERBIT
BOLCHOSITH (Oerbet Volchoseth), the name of Typhon with the Egyptians, in
a Gnostic papyrus from
- oiai,
pelles ovillae, Rom. piei de oie (TN – sheep skins).
- oinos, Lat. vinum (Homer). Rom. vin (TN – wine).
- oiorpata. The Scythians,
writes Herodotus (IV. 110), called
the Amazons oiorpata. The word had the meaning of viricidae, women who kill their men, from oior = Rom. barbat in the Scythian language (TN –
man), Lat. vir, and pata = to kill. In any way, pata did not mean to kill, but “a bate” (TN – to beat), Lat. batuo.
Under the same form, the word has been preserved also in the Hungarian language
from the upper parts of
- ois in ancient
Greek = sheep, Lat. ovis, Rom. oie.
- ‘Olbia
(Olbia), city in
- olma, the name of a
plant with the Dacians, ebulum with
the Romans, olma with Apuleius. The
word has a Latin form. In the Venetian dialect ulmus campestris and ulmus
- ‘Olumpos
(Olumpos), the holy mountain of Pelasgian and Greek theology, situated according
to Homer, Hesiodus, Eschyl, Eurypide and Pindar, at the north of the Thracian
peninsula, near Oceanos potamos; later though, considered as a mountain between
Thessaly and Macedonia. In Romanian, holump,
as name of a mountain, tumulus, funerary mound; the same word found as holm, holmu and holym, Lat. mons, monticulus, in medieval documents of
- Opas. The Egyptians, as
- opsi, eye, face
(Homer). Etym. ochiu, oculus.
- Orbus, personal name in
- ‘Orpheus
(Orpheus), Thracian or Getic poet and singer, predating Homer. His name derives
from orphos,
Rom. orb, Lat. orbus, luminibus orbus, similar with alphos, ‘Alpheys
from “albus”. In older times the
popular singers had usually been blind, like Thamyris, Demodocus and Homer.
- ‘Ostasos (Ostasus), a son of Uranos and Gaea (St. Byz. see ‘
- ostis and ostes,
he who hits; from here the verb ostizo,
ferire, percutere. With Suidas, oistos, telum, sagitta. Rom. ostie, iron fork, fixed at the point of
a wooden spear, with which fish is caught.
.P.
- palacrae and
palacranae, native gold in some bigger pieces, with the Hispanii (Pliny, 33.
21. 11). Rom. paracluire, to break stones; paraclau, the hammer for breaking
the stones.
- Palilia and Parilia, an ancient
festivity of the Roman shepherds, celebrated around the beginning of spring (21
April), when great fires of hay were lighted, over which the young shepherds
jumped. With the Romanian people, the same custom, with the same ceremonials,
takes place on the eve of St. George, 22 April. In Romanian language, palalae, fire with large flames. In
Cod. Voron. a pali, to light, to
burn, Lat. accendere.
- pammateira,
pammator. With the Greek poets (Homer, Eschyl), an epithet of the
divinity Gaea (Terra), with the
meaning of “Mama tuturor” (TN –
Mother of all). Literary form from a barbarian popular term, which corresponds
to the Romanian word pament = terra.
- Pan
and Panos
(Pan, Panus), an ancient god of the
shepherds, about whom it was said that had been born in
- Pandaros
(Pandarus), one of the most
distinguished archers of the Trojans, originally from the Ida mountain, to whom
Apollo had given a bow (Homer). With the Romans, dea Panda, a divinity of the roads, called as such because she had
the power to:”viam pandere et aperire” (Arnob.
4. 128). Rom. pandariu (TN –
watchman), custos, vigilator.
- panicum, a species of millet in
-
- Papaios
(Papaeus), called the Scythians
their supreme divinity. Various mountain peaks from the southern range of the
Carpathians have the name Popau. In
some places near “Popau”, another mountain has the name “Papusa”. See papas.
- papas,
Rom. tata, father, in the language
of the inhabitants of
- Parolissum and Porolissum, a Roman castrum, situated in the northern parts of
- Parthi, a population migrated from
- pata,
Scythian word according to Herodotus, with the meaning “to kill”. The
original meaning had been though “a bate”
(TN – to beat), Lat. batuo.
- pataichos
with the Phoenicians, Lat. pygmaeus,
- paysis,
ceasing, ending, Lat. pausa; Rom. repaus, Mrom. pafsi.
- pecunia. In the older times, the
private wealth consisted usually of domestic animals, Lat. pecus. Rom. pecuina, the
sheep which give milk. Macedorom. bacur,
picuniu and piculiu, a lot of
money gathered together.
- Pagasos
(Pegasus), in ancient legends the name of the divine horse which bore
Jove’s thunderbolts. Rom. cal pag,
mottle colored horse. In the historical documents of
- pegrina,
the name of a plant in the language of the dacians, ampelos melaina with the
Greeks (TN - black vine), with the Romans oblamenia;
with Isidorus, plant identical with labrusca,
- pelor,
monster, especially with an evil meaning. The serpent Python, killed by Apollo
near
- pelta,
round shield, covered with goat skins. Etym. from pellis, Rom. piele (TN –
skin), adj. pellitus, covered with
skin.
- pelton,
scutum Thracicum (Suidas), word of the same origin as pelta.
- perpherees. The Hyperboreans,
Herodotus tells us (4, 33), had the
custom to send gifts from their harvests to the temple of Apollo in Delos,
taken there by two Hyperborean girls accompanied by five citizens, called perpherees
(comites deductores). The word is Hyperborean or Dacian. In Lat. perferro, to take something to its
destination.
-
- Petris,
a locality in
- Patrizen (Petrizen), a castle in Dardania, repaired by
Justinian.
- Petrodaua,
city in
- Petrosacha,
locality in
- Petrossa (Petrossa), an
- picherion,
in the Phrygian language = Rom. unt
(TN – butter), Lat. butyrus. The word derives from pecus, sheep, as the Macedorom. say pikurar instead of pecurar
(TN – sheep shepherd).
- piperi, gr. peperi, barbarian word.
Herodianus “gummi” quoque ut “piperi” barbare dicit esse (Priscian. Inst. VI. 11-14). Rom piperiu (TN – pepper). In the Hungarian language from the
- pistra,
according to Suidas it derives from potistra (potum praebens) with the
meaning of “canalis, ex quo pecudes aquam bibunt”, Rom. sghiab, valau or conduct,
from which the cattle drink water. On the territory inhabited by Romanians, Bistra, Bistrita, Bistriciora, Bistretul,
names of a number of rivers, streams and lakes. In the Moravian language, bistryna, fluentum, torrens. Macedorom.
bistri = Rom. limpede (TN – clear).
- plachoenta
(ac.), Rom placinta (TN – pie); plachoenta
piona turophoron, fat pie with cheese (Suidas). The word has been used
also in Pananonia. In the Hungarian dialect from the lake Balaton palacsinta, a sort of dry dish.
- podegos,
viae dux (Suidas). Rom. poteca and potec, footpath through mountains and
forests.
- popa, was called by the Romans the
priest who looked after the fire, incense, water, wine, salt and pots, and who
led the victim to the altar. Rom. popa,
priest. Etymology from papas, father, parent, word used by
the Barbarians. In the satires of Persius
(VI. 74) we also find the ironical expression “popa venter” (TN – belly of priest)…which accommodates a lot of
food and drink “.
- popanum (popanon), pie made for sacrifice. The word seems to be more
related to “popa”, the priest who undertook
the religious ceremonies of the sacrifice, than with “papa”, food in the language of children.
- por and porus, a word used by the Romans, added to proper names, having
the meaning of puer, child. The word
had also been used in Daica. Pieporus,
rex Coistobocensis, and his nephew Natoporus.
In
- porchos,
Rom. porc (TN – pig), used in
the ancient religious books of the Athenians.
- pothos,
avidity, appetite, Rom. pofta.
- prasin
and prasia with Homer, leguminum area.
- proballo,
Lat. projicere,
- prodiorna,
var.
prodiarna, the name of a plant with the Dacians; elleboros melas with the
Greeks, veratrum nigrum with the
Romans. In
- puanion,
a sort of bread made of wheat and legumes. Etym. from panis, Rom. pane and paine.
- pyr,
ignis, fire. According to Plato, the word is of barbarian origin, because the
Phrygians called pyr the fire which
burns. Rom. para focului, flacara,
Lat. flamma; a pirui = a praji (TN –
to fry), Lat. frigere. Mrom. pira,
flame.
- puros,
wheat with Homer. Rom. pir, gramen
caninum, triticum repens, a grass weed.
- purrias,
servant, slave, Lat. servus (Suidas). The word seems to have been borrowed from
the Barbarians. Rom. biris, Hung. beres, = servant who looks after the
oxen.
- purriche
(purriche), genus saltationis (Suidas); dance with weapons, considered
as the ancient dance of the Curetii,
which consisted of fast movements of the body. According to Aristotle, Achilles
might have been the first to execute this dance with the occasion of the
funerary ceremonies in honor of Patrocles. In the times of Caesar, writes Suetonius (Caes. 39), the dance called pyrrhica (sing.) had been executed in
- pyteon,
in Eolian dialect =
- putine,
Rom. putina, wooden cask for storing
water, cheese, butter, cabbage, etc.
.Q.
qanbar, in the language of the inhabitants of
Bogos in
.R.
- Ra, title of sovereignty of the first
Pelasgian king, who had reigned over
- rachis, dorsum, tergum,
Rom. carca (tN – upper back).
- radamnos, arboris ramus.
Rom. ram (TN = branch)
- raptos, Rom. rupt (TN – torn), carpit, peticit. Lat.
sutus, consutus.
- ‘Rechas (Rhecas), a duke of the Laconii settled in the
Cimmerian Bosporus. Recis on the
ancient coins of
- regas, rex. In the history of Apollonius of Tyr we
also find the forms raga, ryga and
- retine, Rom. resina, Lat. aresina (TN – resin).
- rigos, Lat. frigus,
- ‘Ripaia ore (Rhipaei montes), the high mountain chain from the
northern parts of
- ripa, to fly, Lat.
volatus, Rom. aripa (TN – wing),
Lat. ala.
- rix, king, Rom. rege, in the language of ancient Pelasgian populations from
- ‘Rode, Rhoda, city in Tarraconia in Hispania. Rhode, vanished city near the Rhodan
river in
- ‘Rodope
(Rhodope), the biggest
- Roidomna. Locality in southern
- roos, watercourse. With
Homer roos ‘Ocheanoio, fluentum Oceani.
- Rhoas, river in
- Roskait, an epithet of the goddess Isis with the
ancient Egyptians, also called the goddess of fire and the great flame. Rom. roscat (TN – ruddy), Lat. rufatus.
- Rosta and
Rostau, in Egyptian mortuary papyri = iron walling, iron enclosure. In
Italian language rosta. In Rom. rosteiu, iron grilles placed at doors
and gates.
- ‘Rypai
(Rhypae = Rhupae), city in Achaia. ‘Ripe (Rhipe), city in
- rypos, filth on the skin
of the body, sordes corporis, rom. rap.
.S.
- sacchos, Lat. saccus, Rom. sac (TN – sack, bag).
- sacurem (accus.),
- sagaris, war axe, word used
by Massagetae and Scythians.
- sagum, a military woolen vestment, used by the
barbarian populations, especially by the Dacians and Scythians. Rom. zeche or zeghe.
- samolus, the name of a plant with the Gauls, Rom. samulastra and samurastra, the name of a plant which, from the suffix astra,
seems to have been a wilder species of the plant “samolus”.
- samos, pl. samoi,
height, Lat. celsitudo, summit. The Romans used the word summus and summum for
the highest mountain ridges and peaks: summus
mons, summum jugum, Summum Penninum, Summum Pyrenaeum. In the popular
language of
- sampsiarai (pl.), spathae barbaricae (Suidas). Rom. samcea, pl. samcele, small knife with wooden sides, Lat. cultellus. The word seems to have derived from an old form, samcella, pl. samcellae.
- Santi and
Shenti-t, in the ancient religious language of the Egyptians, an epithet of
the goddess Isis, also called Ma. The ending in t or it indicates the feminine form. With the Romans, Mater magna had also the epithet sancta and sanctissima.
- Saracha
(Saraca), a locality in
- Sarpedon (Sarpedon), an island in
Oceanos, where dwelt the Gorgons, whose attribute were the serpents (Carm.
Cypr.). The meaning of the word seems to have been “insula serpilor” (TN – the serpents’ island).
- saynion,
pl. saunia,
a sort of lance. The word corresponds to the Rom. sabia, ensis, gladius, cf. Schuchardt,
Vocal. III. 94:
- schapane
(from schaptein), instrument for digging. In mediaeval Latin zappare.
- scardia, the name of plant with the Dacians.
“Itali malum terrae. Daci absynthium rusticum, alii scardian”. We also find a similar form
in the Italian botanical terminology: scardicione
di campi, scardicione silvatica.
- Scheptechasas (Scepte
– casas), a castle in the Thraco-Illyrian regions, repaired by Justinian. Rom. Septe case (TN – seven houses).
- schiare, the name of plant
with the Dacians, labrum veneris and carduus Veneris with the Romans. Rom. scaiu (TN – thistle).
- schoria, Lat. scoria, the useless parts of the
metals, which are eliminated by fire. Rom. sgura
(TN - scoria). In Transilvania and
- schylax, Rom. cane, Lat. canis. In Romanian language
the word a schilai (TN – today a schelalai, to yelp) is used only for
dogs, Lat. clamare, vagire.
- Schythai
(Scythae) were called by the Greeks all the populations from the north of the
- Sehkti, Sekhti, Sekti, Sekt, Saktit, in Egyptian
papyri was the name of the sacred boat with which the sun traveled during the
day on the divine Ocean, until it disappeared in the evening in the other
world, through the straits of the mountains. Rom. seica and saica, rowing
boat on the
- seir, sol (Suidas).
- Sellasia
(Sellasia), city in
- sama, Rom. semn (TN – sign), Lat. signum (Homer).
- Ser (the
Gate). In Egyptian mortuary papyri are often mentioned the high mountains
from the divine region of the ancient empire, situated near the great river Nun, called by the Greeks Oceanos potamos, “the father of the
gods”. At the western straits of these mountains was, according to Egyptian sacred
geography, the Gate called Ser, identical with sidareiei
pylai, Portile de fer, with
Homer (TN – the Iron Gates).
- setanios artos, bread made with
flour sifted through the sieve, from the verb satho, to sift (Suidas).
Rom. sita, Lat. cribrum. The word
has been in use also in the regions of
- Sethlan, the name of Vulcan with the Etruscans. Saytan, the devil, in the language of
the inhabitants of Bogos in
- sphedanos, violent (Homer).
In med. Lat. faida, gravis et aperta
inimicitia, Rom. sfada, quarrel,
Lat. altercatio.
- Sphigx
(Sphinx), a word which under this form has been transmitted only by the Greek
authors. The sphinxes were simulacra of the mystical religious principles of
the most ancient times. With the Egyptians, the sphinxes, considered as
protecting spirits of the temples and graves, were represented with the head of
a man, ram, or falcon, and the body of a lion. The origin of these simulacra
was not Egyptian. Apollodorus
mentions the Sphinx from
- Sharsharokket, Shapuarka. According to
Egyptian legends, Horus, the son of Osyris, being wounded in the war with
Typhon, had lost an eye, which had been later found. In the Egyptian mortuary
papyri, are often mentioned the eyes of Horus and Osyris, likened with two
vipers. One eye is called Sharsharokket,
and this word seems to refer to the “ochiul sarit” (TN – eye which jumped off its socket) or lost of Horus. In
Romanian popular language there is the cursing expression: “se-i sara ochii din cap” (TN – let his
eyes jump off his head). The second eye-viper was called Shapuarka, a word which corresponds to the Romanian form “serpoica” (TN – she-serpent).
- Smy (Smu), a name of Typhon
with the Phoenicians and Egyptians. Rom. smeu,
balaur, dragon.
- Sparte (
- spatha, was with the
Greeks the wide piece of wood used at the weaving loom to beat the weaving. As
military term sabia lata (TN –
broadsword), Lat. gladius. Rom. spata,
part of the supports of the loom. With the Romans spatha was the weapon of the auxiliary troupes.
- splan, Rom. splina
(TN – spleen), Lat. splen, lien.
- spodos, worm ashes. Rom. spuda (spuza).
- spoy, in the Scythian language ochiu (TN – eye), from the same root as Lat. aspecto (in its ancient form specio),
to look.
- Stauanoi (Stavani), a Scythian population in European
Sarmatia, which dwelt close to the Cistoboci (Ptol.). Rom. stava, armentum equorum, equitium; stavariu, pastor equitii (TN – he who looks after the horses).
- Stenae, two localities in
- Stoborron achron (Stoborrum promontorium) in
- strabos, turned to one
side, Lat. strabus, Rom. stramb, curvus, obliquus, flexus.