PART
7 –
Ch.XLI.10.II
The
great Pelasgian empire
(The
Pelasgian language)
XLI.10.II. Elements of
barbarian Latin language (cont.)
.C.
K.
- caballus, cal, Lat. equus (horse), especially the horse
used in agriculture. With Petronius cavallus.
The form “caballus” has been also used in
- chachis, a sort of bread
with the Egyptians. Rom. coca, Lat.
libum, placenta, pasta.
- chados, amphora, Lat. cadus, Rom. cada.
- Kalasiries, a class of
soldiers in
- calatores (sing. calator), servants at the college of the Arvali Brothers and other
augurs, charged especially with the bringing or taking to their destination the
objects entrusted to them. The word is identical with “viator”. Kalator,
the name of a Trojan and of a Greek (Homer). Rom. calatoriu, viator (TN – traveler); a calatori, iter facere (TN – to travel).
- chalyba and chalybe,
coliba, Lat. tugurium. Kalybe (Calybe), a locality in
- Kamara (Camara), city in
- campana, In the folk language of Hispania and
- champto, to modulate the
voice in songs, to sing in various tones; word borrowed from the barbarian
language.
- camus, a sort of strong rein. “Camus, genus asperi freni est, quo caballi
superbi coerceri solent, dictus a curvitate, chamon enim Graeci curvum dicunt (Isidorus). In Greek language, chemos,
Dorian chamos, genus freni vel capistrum (Suidas), “freu” (TN – rein),
capestru (TN – halter). Romanian ham
(TN – harness). It seems though that in the barbarian language was in use only
the form ham, because Isidorus
derives “camus” from chamos (curvus), and not from chemos,
Dor. chamos
(frenum).
- cana (chana), basket for bread,
flowers and fruit. Rom. cana, urceor,
Lat. urceus (TN – cup, ewer)
- channabis, in the language
of the Scythians and Thracians, canepa,
Lat. cannabis.
- chanthalios
onos (Plato), a larger ass used for transport. Barbarian word, passed also
in Latin under the form cantherius
and canterius, gelded horse, Rom. catar (mulus).
- Kapomalba
(Capomalva), castle in Dardania, a name with a barbarian Latin form.
-
- charabos,
carabus with Pliny, Hisp. caraba,
small boat. In med. Lat. curabii and
garabi (linters celeresque galeae).
Rom. corabia, Lat. navis.
- charopithla, the name of a
plant with the Dacians. With the Romans herba
philicla. It seems to be dianthus caryophyllus, Rom. garofa, garofita.
- Karpates oros (Carpates mons), the highest point
of the mountain chain in the northern parts of
- chassiteros, white lead, Lat.
stannum, cassiterus, Rom. cositoriu (TN – tin). According to Herodotus,
the lead and electrum came from the extreme barbarian parts. The ancient
metallurgical terminology is of barbarian origin. Kassiteros seems to
derive from the verb a cose,
consuere (TN - to sew), to tie, to unite; s. cusatoriu (TN – he who sews)
- Kasaera (Caseera), a castle in the
- Cattuzi, name by which were called by the
Barbarians the dwarves who dwelt
towards south from the mouths of the
- chaycha and chaychos,
patera, Lat. caucus and caucius, Rom. cauc, vase for drawing water for drinking.
- Caucalandensis region, a mountainous
region in
- cavo and cavus, had in ancient barbarian language the meaning of caballus, cavallus, cal, horse. From this derived in
Romanian covaciu, potcovariu (TN -
blacksmith). Macedorom. cavala,
mounted, cal di cavala, horse for
mounting.
- Cebanus caseus, a sort of cas, cheese, brought from
- Celeres (sing. celer, Gr. cheles and cheler), equites, horse
rider. In earlier times the cavalry corps of the Romans was composed of the
wealthiest citizens and had the name Celeres,
and the commander of the cavalry was called magister Celerum. The word is reduced to the root cal (equus) and corresponds to an ancient
military term from the Romanian language, calariu
(Voronetian Codex, 56). Mai mare al
calarilor is the same title as Magister
celerum. In ancient Greek language, cheles meant cal de calarit (TN – riding horse). Keles, cheler also had
the meaning of calaret, rider. Rom. calari and calarasi.
- cheleuthos,
cale,
Lat. via, iter (TN – road). Word of barbarian origin. Rom. calauz, calauza, dux itineris (TN – guide). Etym. from cale, Lat. callis.
- cheletizein, a calari (to ride).
- Kepra, Khepra and
Khopri, a co-name of Tum Harmakhis or Uranos. In regard to the meaning of
the word, the Egyptian papyri mention “cornele
lui Kepra” (TN – the horns of Kepra). Without doubt the name derives from the
barbarian word capra (TN – goat).
According to the Roman Martirolog (2 March), the goat head (caput caprae) had also been venerated by the
Longobardi. In the upper parts of
- ceres (acus. cererem), bread for the Sabines.
Rom. cir, ciris.
- Ceret, ancient city in Hispania Baetica.
Kerata, ta (Cerata), two
mountains which separated
- ceria, drink made of cereals in Hispania. See ceres.
- Cerus = Coelus, ceriul (TN – sky), personified in the Saliare songs and in Romanian
carols. With Festus, Cerus manus.
- chetophagos (cetophagus).
Sibylla Erythrea tells us in some verses that her father had been chetophagos,
in Latin translation “cetophagos”, meaning eater of marine
monsters. Sibylla Erythrea had written in the barbarian language. She could not
say that her father had been eating whales, or marine monsters. The first part
of the word has an entirely different meaning. In mediaeval Greek language, pata and
pita
means “cake, bread”. Pita is the same word as the Rom. pita and
- chalchos,
arama, copper, Lat. aes; metallon chalchoy, aeraria metalla
(Strabo). In Latin language Vulcanus
or Volcanus is the same word as the
Greek chalcheys, faber
aerarius (Homer). About Vulcan was said that he had been the first to find
the way to work the copper, etc. The ancient traces of this word of barbarian
origin can be found even today in the Romanian language. Vulcan, mountain, and Valcau,
villages, in the metalliferous regions of Transilvania. Valced (adjedtive), and valcedela
(noun), express the purple bruising on the body as a result of hitting
something, from where the verb a valcedi,
Lat. suggilare, livere (TN – to bruise).
- Chalibes
(Chalybes), especially the workers of metals from the north of
- chlaina, vestment worn
over something else, Latin laena. Laena, quod de lana multa, duarum etiam togarum instar (Varro, L. L.), Rom. haina, vestimentum.
- Khons, Khonsu, Khunsu, one of the
ancient kings of Egyptian Thebes, about who it was said that he had destroyed
all his enemies. With the Romans, Consus
was a divinity venerated even in the times of
- choros,
hora, dance in a circle, of a number
of people; Mrom. cor; Lat. chorea. The Hyperboreans, writes Diodorus, had the custom to play the
cythera and make “hore” (chitharixein
chai choreyein) during the entire time of the great feast of Apollo the
Hyperborean. The ancients, writes Suidas,
called choreia a dance with songs.
- chinouboila,
the name of a plant with the Dacians. With Apuleius,
cinubula (var. dinupula); with the Greeks ampelos leucha, Germ. Hunds-Kurbiss.
The Dacian word is composed from chinou, cane, dog, (Greek chyon)
and bula, noun pula, Rom. pula, virile
member, Lat. veretrum penis; a word which is also applied in the names of
plants.
- Kleisoyra
(Clisura), castle in the Thraco-Illyrian regions. The word is of barbarian
origin from the eastern parts of
- chocchora,
pie with figs and walnuts, prepared for sacrifices by the inhabitants of
- chocchux,
cuc (cookoo). In the popular language of Hispania cucus instead of “cuculus”.
- Cocosates, a population in Gallia
Aquitanica (Pliny. IV. 19); Rom. cocosat (pl. cocosati), gibbus, hunchback.
- choiranos,
domn, prince, with Homer, general war commander, chief of
the army, Lat. dominus, princes, imperator; from where derives also Kurinos,
Quirinus, as Ianus and
- cholone,
collis, altitude. Kullane (Cullene), the highest mountain in
- choliba, frumentum coctum
(Suidas). Rom. coliva, boiled wheat
which is given as alms in the memory of the deceased.
- choma,
capillus, the hair on the head, Lat.
coma, Rom. coma.
- chopta,
genus placentae. With Martial, copta,
a species of pie. The word corresponds to the Rom. adjective copta (TN – baked), and the noun cocatura (TN – dough).
- Corbus, personal name in
- Kotulos
(Cotylus = Cotulus), a hill on the Ida mountain, where was the source of
the river Scamandrus (Strabo). Cot (TN
– elbow), art. cotul, Lat. flexus,
sinus, angulus, is a word very much used in Romanian topical names: Cotul baltii, Cotul apei, cotul garlei,
Cotul vaii, Cotul podului, all connected with water. In an answer given by
the oracle of
- chotiata,
the name of a plant with the Dacians, agrostis with the Greeks, gramen with the Romans. In the rustic language
of
- choxa,
posterior genu pars. Lat. coxa; Rom.
copsa, thigh.
- Cozeulodoizeso (var. Cozeulodorieso), the first words of a
Saliar Roman song. In Romanian folk carols, the same words appear under the
form Colo’n jos mai din jos (see Ch.
XXXVIII. 3).
- Kragos
(Cragus), the highest
- chrademnon,
the veil given to a girl when getting married (Homer). The word seems to be in
connection with the Romanian term credinta
(TN – trust) and incredintare (to
entrust), Lat. sponsalia. The Romanian people have the custom that the suitor
should give the girl a ring called “inelul de credinta” (TN – the ring of trust), or simply credinta, and the girl to give him a handkerchief called “naframa
de credinta”, or simply credinta.
- chreion,
rex, princes, late imperans; chreion ‘Agamemnon; fem. chreiousa
(Homer), chreon with Pindar., Romanian craiu, fem. craiesa.
- Kribitzoi
(Cribitzi), a Scythian people who dwelt at the sources of the rivers
- chroustane,
the name of a plant with the Dacians, chelidonion mega with the Greeks, fabium
with the Romans, krezdyne with the
Lituanians. In Romanian carstinesa,
crestenesa, cristinesca (gratiola office.), a medicinal herb.
- chucholida,
var. choicholida, the name of plant with the Dacians, vesicalis with the Romans, Daci colida with Apuleius. In the
- chullastes,
a sort of food with the Egyptians, made of wheat flour. In Romanian language colesa, and culesa, boiled, thick, dish, made from wheat flour; Macedorom. culeas, porridge, flour boiled with
water.
- chymindis (cymindis
= cumindis), the popular name of a mountain bird which according to Homer was called chalchis in the language of
the gods. With Pliny, cymindis is nocturnes accipiter, Rom. soim (TN – hawk), a wild bird tamed by
Romanian hunters, and used for catching other birds, Lat. falco, Sp. halcon.
The Greek popular name seems to correspond to the Romanian word cuminte, Lat. intelligens.
- chynas
(acc. pl.) cani, dogs. According to Plato, word borrowed by the Greeks from
the barbarians. The ancients, writes Varro,
said canes, instead of canis.
- chypellon,
cup (Homer). The diminutive form from Lat. cupa,
Rom. cupa.
- kura, river, flowing fresh water, Lat.
rivulus, in the language of the inhabitants of Bogos in
- curio. The most ancient tribes from
which the population of Rome was composed, were divided in 10 curia each, at
the head of which was a curio; word
which derives from the same root as the Greek chyrios, domn, the
curator of an estate. The word has existed also in the popular language of
.D.
- daba,
daya and deba, Dacian word, which appears as an ending in the names of a
number of cities and localities in Dacia, lower Mesia, Thrace, Illyria and
Germania. The original meaning of the word seems to have been identical with taba, hill, mountain, rock (see taba).
In antiquity the Dacians were also called Dai
and Davi and were considered as
a people “de munteni” (TN - from the
mountains). So, Davi meant nothing
else but Munteni, as opposed to the
people of the plains, called by the Greeks Getai, Gaitai, meaning “terani” (TN – peasants) from ga
or gaia,
terra, earth; Rom. “tera”. Later the
word daba
or daya
appeared with the meaning of fortified place, citadel, as results from
the names of the localities Dochidaua, Petrodaua, Marchodaua, Pamidaua,
Piaroboridaua. Traces of this word are found even today on the
territory of the countries inhabited by Romanians: Deva, castrum in Transilvania; Deva,
ruins of citadel on a mountain in Bihor county; Devin, civitas Moraviae, castrum Dyuen or Deven in Poson
county (
- dachru (Homer), Lat. lacrima, archaic form dacrima, Rom. lacrima (TN – tear). The changing of l in d was a
particularity of the Arimic dialect. In the Armerine dialect from Scily ddarma = lacrima.
- dais, daidos (Homer), torch
from fir timber. Dades, faces
(Suidas); Rom. zada, splinter of
resinous timber, serving as torch; Mrom. dzada,
splinter of fir tree.
- damao and damnao,
Lat. domare,
- damna, the end part of
the word Poludamna, as was called the wife of Thon or Thumis, the most
ancient Egyptian king. A Greek form of the word Domna = domina.
- Damnaustra and Dunnaustra, a popular
divinity invoked in some antique incantations. Composed word, which corresponds
to the Romanian form Domna nostra
(TN – our Lady).
- Damno (Damno). Agenor, the son of
Neptune, the king of Pheonicia, had married Damno, the daughter of Belus, according to Pherecydes. It is the
same word as Domna.
- Damonno var.
Damano (Damonno, Damano), the wife of king Cadus of Lydia. All these
various forms: Damna, Damno, Damonno and
Damano, show us that the honorific title of “Domna” for the wives of kings existed even in Pelasgian antiquity.
- Damnus, var.
Dimnos, one of the ancient kings of the Homeritii of Arabia, who has lived,
as it is believed, in the time of the Christians’ persecutions. We have here
only a traditional title of sovereignty.
- danaoi, Lat. mortui,
barbarian word. The Romans called Feriae denicales
or denecales the religious
ceremonies of purifying the house of the deceased. Rom. denie, divine nocturne mass in the week before Easter, Lat.
pervigilium.
- dasplatis, an epithet of the
Erinnies or Furies, with the meaning of terrifying. Like the Gorgons, the
Furies were represented with small serpents in their hair. The epithet is of
barbarian origin. The original meaning of the word dasplatis had been despletit,
“crinibus passis”, unbraided hair. In Romanian incantations are mentioned as
wicked spirits Fetele despletite (TN
– the girls with unbraided hair), or Fata
displetita.
- Dalos (
- descindentes (carmen), an ancient expression in the Acts of the
Arvali Brothers, replaced later by the words carmen dicentes. Descindentes
is a barbarian word, which corresponds to the Romanian a descanta, to recite magical verses in order to heal the sick.
- Dia (Dia), dies, in the language of the Pelasgians of
Crete, day. Istrorom. dia, Rom. di.
- Dia (Dea Dia), an ancient barbarian divinity in
- dielia, the name of plant
with the Dacians; with the Romans insana
and Apollinaris (herba); with the
Gauls bilinountia. And the same name with Apuleius, Galli belinuntia, Daci dielia. From its synonims in the Latin and Gallic languages, this
plant seems to be identical with bolundarita,
datura stramonium, belend in ancient
Slav language. By name, dielia seems
to be one of the medicinal herbs named by the Romanian people ierburi din Iele, which are used for
the healing of those damaged by Iele
or Densele (TN – wicked feminine
spirits). We have here a composite word: di-elia
= de iele, very important for the forms of the Dacian language.
- deile, the time of day
at
- docha (Homer), vase or
measure for liquids. Catalan doga,
Rom. doga, pl. doge, the lateral slats of a wooden vase.
- doioi, instead of dyo, Rom. doi (TN – two).
- Domnus and Domna,
majestic titles of the ancient Pelasgian kings; later, traditional honorific
titles of the great divinities. “Iancus Ianes duonus, dunus Ianus” in the Carmina Saliare, where “duonus”
corresponds to the Spanish provincial form don.
Domno Saturno, Iovi Domno, Domno et Domnae
on an inscription in Dacia, Domna
Artemix, Domna Sotera, the name
of Proserpina on a coin of the city Cyzicum. In the traditions of the Pelasgian
popoulations, “Domnus” and “Domna” as majestic titles, had deep
roots. The Roman people, tells us Isidorus,
had asked that Augustus received also the title Dominus. But beginning with the times of Sept. Severus, all the
Roman emperors adopted the title Dominus also, which on the strength of the
ancient traditions was placed before “Augustus” and “Imperator”: Dominus noster
Augustus Imperator (C. I. L. vol.
III).
- Domna, Domnica, personal feminine names in
- Domnaedius and Dominaedius,
word also used in pagan epigraphy. In Christian times used as respectful title
for the divine majesty. Lat. m. Dominus
deus; In “Formola di confessione” from 1040-95, dominideu, Rom. Dumnedeu
and Dumniziu, Ital. domeneddio, Pr. Domedieu, Fr. dombre-dieu.
- doron (dora
theon) with Homer, gift destined to the divinities, Lat. donum, Rom. dar.
- drocila, the name of a plant with the Dacians. In
Romanian dracila or dracia is the name of a thorny plant, berberis vulgaris, spina acida, Hisp. dragoncilla, Ital. dragoncello.
- dromos, place for
running, Rom. drum, via, iter (TN –
road).
- Druides or
Druidae, were the ancient priests, teachers and judges of the Gauls, the
women being named Druias and Druis. They formed a social class
called genus by Caesar. The word had
in the beginning the same meanins as “Fratres”, as were called by the Romans the
priests of the College of the Arvalii. In Greek phrator (phratar)
was the member of a phratria, a class, tribe, or nation. In Italian drudo, druda, Fr. drut, druda, friend, Slav. drug.
In medieval
- doycha or
doychas, term used by the Byzantine writers, Lat. dux. The word belongs to the ancient barbarian language like
- Dumnorix, a prince of the Eduii of Gallia. Name
composed from dumno (Domnus) and rix (dux, rege, king).
- Dynamis (Dunamis), a queen from the Bosporan Pontos. The
word is reduced to the ancient form domina
= domna, the last two syllables being having changed places. Dunamene
(Dunamene), one of the daughters of
Nereus (Negru), a granddaughter of the Ocean.
- dunum. In Roman geography, the last word in the
names of a number of cities in northern Italy, Helvetia, Hispania, Gallia (Augustodunum, Lugdunum), Britannia,
Germania, Pannonia, Dacia (Noviodunum)
and Hem peninsula. By its geographical extension, the word had belonged to the
barbarian or Pelasgian language. The writers of the 11th century
explain “dunum” by mons. For Dufresne, dunum = collis. Later it had the
meaning of fortified place, locus numitus, castrum. In some codexes of Ptolemy,
dava or daba from the names of Dacian cities was replaced by dana and dabna, the same word as dunum,
Rom. damb.
- Dourboulin (Durbulie), a castle in Dardania, repaired in the
time of Justinian; its name probably taken from the name of some river. In
Romanian turbure, Lat. turbidus,
turbulentus.
- Doysmanes (Dusmanes), a castle in theThraco-Illyrian regions,
repaired by Justinian. Rom. dusman,
pl. dusmani (TN – enemy), Lat.
inimicus, hostis.
- dusmeneia, inimicitiae, Rom.
dusmania (TN – enmity).
- dusmenos, adv. Rom. dusmanos (TN – inimical).
- Dzu, Dzul, Dhu and Du,
a title given to the Homerite princes of
.E.
- ear, Lat. ver, Rom. primavara (TN – spring)
- embruon, embryon, the germ not yet developed; the fruit which
starts to form in the womb of the mother. In Romanian the word is used only for
plants, under the form of sembure,
Lat. nucleus, semen.
- eniautos, anul acelasi (TN – the same year). See anis.
- anis, bos anniculus,
annotinus.
- epeetanos, cat dureaza anul (TN – as long as this year lasts). A
composite word. The last part corresponds to annus, as in the Romanian form astan,
Mrom. estan (TN – this year).
- Epona, divinity protecting the horses. Form
similar with Bubona, the protecting
divinity of the horned cattle. The word has belonged to the barbarian
provinces. In ancient popular language has also existed, as we see, the term epa for equa, Rom. iepa. See Eporedias.
- Eporedias. Composite word, epo-redias, in which the last part corresponds to the Romanian rendas, rendas de cai (TN – stable boy), Fr. valet d’ecurie.
- ar, ver, Rom. vara (TN – summer).
- ergastulum, disciplinary and working house for
slaves. Word sometimes synonymous with stabulum.
Rom. grasdiu, building for the
horses, Lat.equile (TN – stable).
- esca, tinder, in the popular language of
Hispania.
- eschara, hearth, Lat.
focus. Rom. sfara, the steam and
thick smoke in the kitchen.
- ‘Exampaios (Exampaeus), Scythian word with the meaning ‘Irai
odoi, sacrae viae (Herod.). The word is composed from exam (Rom.
sam = sanctus) and paios
= paia, in Latin via, vea and bia. In
- explaius mons, mountin with a level terrain at the top.
Romanian munte plaiu.
.F.
Ph.
- phantana, the lat part of
the word Loupophantana, the name of a castle in the Thraco-Illyrian
regions.
- phatai,
Fata and Fatae. With Hesiodus, the
Gorgons have the epithet oyphatai, with the meaning of
“ineffablies”, frightening, impossible to describe. In Latin inscriptions, Fata and Fatae are mythological beings, identical sometimes with the Parcae.
The sister or wife of Faunus has the name Fatua
with the Roman authors, but with Dionysius she is called chore, meaning fata (TN – girl). With the Greeks
Proserpina had also the name Pherrephatta; In Beotia though she
was called chore, fata. With Ausonius, the Graces appear also with the
name Fata. “Tres Charites, tria Fata”. In Latin inscriptions is also
used the singular Fata for the
Parcae. In Romanian folk incantations are mentioned “Fete curate” (TN – well meaning girls), and “Fete necurate” (TN – wicked girls). It results therefore that the
names Fata and Fatae, attributed in ancient times to some femeine divinities, had
in the beginning the meaning of chore, Rom. fata, pl. fete.
- phatria, collegium; phatre,
phratra, phratre, phratria, tribe composed of people who belonged to
the same kin or clan. Etym. from frater,
Rom. frate, brother.
- phegos,
- phar, in the Eolian
dialect instead of thar, wild or monstruous animal. Rom. fera, ferocious animal, Lat. fera.
- Flora, feminine name in
- Phloria,
var. Phloryia
(Floria, Floruia), locality in
Marueitania.
- focacius, in the rustic language of
Hispania pie baked in ash, Lat. cinere coctus, Rom. pogace, panis subcinericius.
- phor,
Lat. fur,
- forda, in ancient Latin language vacca praegnans, pregnant cow. The word
had also existed in the barbarian language of
- phormos,
a vestment used by seamen. The word does not belong to the Greek language.
Etym. from Lat. forma, Rom. forma (TN – form), adj. formosus, Rom. frumos (TN – beautiful).
- framea, pl. frameae, were called by the Germans the lances (hastes) with a thin
and short iron, also used by the Armoricii of Galllia. With Juvenal, framea is the iron sword of Mars. The
etymology is reduced to ferrum, ferramen.
Framea seems to have been identical
with hasta ferrata of the Romans.
- Phrateria
(Phrateria), a locality in
- phricha,
horror, Rom. frica (TN – fear).
- phthois,
nomen placentae; in use especially
at the oracle of
- phuga,
Lat. fuga, Rom. fuga (TN – run); phugadichos, Rom. fugariu (TN – fugitive); phuginda,
adverb, Rom. fugind (TN - to play
while running); as a verb, pheygo, a fugi, to run. In the Romanian language exists also the form feiga = fuga.
.G.
- Gabreta sule
(Gabreta silva), a vast forest in the eastern regions of
- Gadir, gard
(TN – fence) in the language of the inhabitants from
- Gainas (Gainas), Roman general in
the service of Arcadius (395 – 400ad), originating from the northern parts of
Istru. Rom. gaina, Lat. gallina,
co-name Gaina (TN – hen).
- Gaitai, Getai, sing. Gaites,
and Getes (Gaetae, Getae, sing.
Geta and Getes), this is how the
Greek authors called the inhabitants of the southern parts of